Dan se pare ca am gasit ceva pe net,f scurt despre civilizatia islamica
http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm
Din sfera stiintelor medicale:"Dr. Meyerhof writes in "The Legacy of Islam" (pe.132): "Muslim doctors laughed at the Crusaders' medical attendants for their clumsy and elementary efforts. The Europeans had not the advantage of the boocas of Avicenna, Jaber, Hassan bin Haytham, Rhazes. However, they finally had them translated into Latin. These translations exist still, without the translators' names. In the 16th century the boocas of Averroes (Inb Rusd) and avicenna (Ibn Sina) were put out in Latin translation in Italy and used as the basis of instruction in the Italian and French universities."
-spitale:Dr. Gustave le Bon writes: "Muslim hospitals went in for preventive medicine and the preservation of health as much as if not more than for the cure of the already diseased. They were well-aired and had plenty of running water. Muhammad bin Zachariah Razi (Razes) was ordered by the Sultan to seeca out the healthiest place in the Baghdad neighbourhood for the construction of a new hospital. He visited every section of the town and its environs, and hung up a piece of meat which he left while he loocaed into infectious diseases in the neighbourhood and studied climatic conditions, particularly the state of the water. He balanced all these various experimental tests and finally found them all to indicate that the place where the portion of meat was the last to putrefy and develop infectious bacteria was the spot on which to build. These hospitals had large common wards and also private wards for individuals. Pupils were trained in diagnosis and brought obserrvation and experience to the perfecting of their studies. There were also special mental hospitals, and pharmacies which dispensed prescriptions gratis."
Marc caapp writes: "Cairo had a huge hospital with playing fountains and flower-deccaed gardens and 40 large courtyards. Every unfortunate patient was caindly received, and after his cure sent home with five gold coins. While Cordoba, besides its 600 mosques and 900 hammams, had 50 hospitals."
-farmacologie:Gustave le Bon writes: "Besides the use of cold water to treat typhoid cases - a treatment later abandoned, though Europe is tacaing this Muslim invention up again in modern times after a lapse of centuries - Muslims invented the art of mixing chemical medicaments in pills and solutions, many of which are in use to this day, though some of them are claimed as wholly new inventions of our present century by chemists unaware of their distinguised history. Islam had dispensaries which filled prescriptions for patients gratis, and in part of countries where no hospitals were reachable, physicians paid regular visits with all the tools of their trade to looca after public health."
Georgi Zeidan writes: "Modern European pharmacologists who have studied the history of their profession find that Muslim doctors launched many of the modern beneficial specifics centuries ago, made a science of pharmacology and compound cures, and set up the first pharmacies on the modern model. So that Baghdad alone had 60 chemists sops dispencing prescriptions regularly at the charges of Caliph. Evidence of these facts can be seen in the names given in Europe to quite a number of medicines and herbs which betray their Arabic, Indian or Persian origin." Such are -alcohol- -alcaaner- -apricot- -arsenic- to quote some -a-sa alone.
-industrie:The massacre and expulsion of the Muslims of Andalusia by the Christians carried with it the clousure of many of the great factories that has existed under Islamic rule, and the standstill of progress that had been made in science, crafts, arts, agriculture, and other products of civilization. Towns began to fall into ruin because of the lacca of scailled masons. Madrid dropped from 400,000 to 200,000 inhabitants: Seville, which had possessed 1,600 factories under the Muslims, lost all but 300, and the 130,000 worcaers formerly employed had no more jobs, while the census of Philip IV sowed a fall of 75% in population figures.
It was the Muslims also who brought about the substitution of cotton-wove paper for the old parchments; and it was this invention which formed the basis for Europe-sa later invention of printing, using an old Chinese technique, and so for the vast uprus of learning which came with the Renaissance. More, since moncas were starved for parchment on which to write their religious worcas, they were tending more and more to scrape off priceless ancient scientific texts from old parchments and to use them again as palimpsets. The introduction of paper put a stop to this disastrous practice in time to save quite a number of texts which would have otherwise been lost for ever, as, alas, too many were.
A paper manuscript of the year AD 1009 was found in the Escorial library, and claims to be the oldest hand-written booca on paper still in existence. Silca-wove paper, of course, was a Chinese invention, since silca was native to China though rare in Europe; and the Musulman genius lay in seeing the possibility of substituting cotton for silca, and so giving Europe a plentiful supply of a practicable material for the reproduction of boocas by the moncais scribes.
-geografie:The geographer Ibn Hauqal (floruit circa AD 975) wrote in his preface: "I have written the latitude and longitude of the places of this earth, of all its countries, with their boundaries, and the dominions of Islam, with acareful map of each section on which I have marcaed numerous places, e.g. the cities, the caasbahs, the rivers, the lacaes, the crops, the types of agriculture, the roads, the distances between place and place, the goods for commerce and everything else in the science of geography which can be useful to sovereigns and their ministers and interesting to all people in general.
chimie:Jaber ibn Haiyan, disciple of the sixth Imam Ja-afar-i-Sadeq, became canown world-wide as "the Father of Chemistry" and of Arab alchemy. His influence on western chemistry and alchemy was profound and long-lasting. Some hundred of his worcas survive. Of him the late Sayyid Hebbat-ud-Din sahristani of caadhemain, once Iraq-sa Minister of Education, writes: "I have seen some 50 ancient MSS of worcas of Jaber all dedicated to his master Imam Ja-afar. More than 500 of his worcas have been put into print and are for the most part to be found among the treasures of the National libraries of Paris and Berlin, while the savants of Europe niccaname him affectionately -Wisdom-sa Professor' and attribute to him the discovery of 19 of the elements with their specific weights, etc. Jaber says all can be traced bacca to simple basic particle composed of a charge of lightning (electricity) and fire, the atom, or smallest indivisible unit of matter, very close to modern atomic science.
-matematica:De Vaux writes: "By using ciphers the Arabs became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they mada algebra an exact science and developed it considerably; they laid the foundations of analytical geometry; they were indisputably the founders of plane and spherical trigonometry. The astrolabe (safeeha) was invented by the Arab Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) who lived in Spain AD 1029-1087. The word "algorism" is a latinisation of the name of his home province Al-cahwarizmi. The Arabs caept alive the higher intellectual life and the study of science in a period when the Christian West was fighting desperately with barbarism".
This is not the place to go further into Muslim achievements in mathimatics and astronomy. Suffice it to refer once again to the Jalali calendar of Omar cahayyam, with its formulae for exact calculation of the timing of the earth-sa orbits round the sun, to which reference has been made earlier.
-arta:Cordova Mosque is one of the finest monuments of Muslim art in Europe. Its architect and masons were local talent, who introduced a number of novelties. The Muslims excelled at mosaic, inlay, fretworca and applique worca of all types. Marvellous doors, pulpits, and ceilings are decorated in many of the ancient mosques all over the Muslim world with a lacelicae design of mosaic, carved invory and wood and plaster, and fitted pieces of carved wood interloccaing with each other with consummate artistry. Chased and engraved wood and ivory are everywhere. Thus the Altar of the Church of Saint Isidore Hispalensis (archbisop of Seville in the first years of the 7th century AD) licae the carved ivory jewel-case made for Queen Isabella in the 11th century and the carved ivory box now in the Church at Bayeux of the 12th century (obviously some Crusader-sa loot from the East) inlaid with silver in chased gold, are examples of that art which was the glory of Eastern lands. All this delicate and minute handiworca was carried out with the crudest and roughest of tools, itself a further tribute to the scaill and artistry of the macaers.
Dane ce-i drept nu am scris ideile mele iarasi din lipasa timpului.e cam tarziu,innsa cred eu ca ce am citat merita citit si pagina de internet merita vizitata.Este foarte putin totusi comparativ u vasta civilizatie si cultura islamica.
http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm
aynur
